Examples of Intertextuality and open text

Where does funding for the following come?

Finance for films come through government grants and tax incentives combined with accounts for 21% of film funding.

27% of film financing came from private finance / high net worth individuals (stephenfollows.com).

Tax incentives and government funding combined account for 21% of film financing for feature films. The producer is responsible for funding the film until that point and must pay any additional costs if the film goes over-budget. The producer will then take that contract to a bank for a traditional bank loan or to equity investors as collateral. The studio and producer will then share profits.

An example of a commercial channel is Coronation Street which is sponsored by Compare the Market, which is the UK’s longest-running television soap. Coronation Street focuses on the everyday lives of working class people in Manchester, England. The funding for TV programmes comes from the customers who pay to watch TV programmes such as Coronation Street. More people watching will suggest more people paying TV license fee. TV programmes do gain profits which they would keep. Such as Coronation Street is a commercial channel as people who want their adverts shown, this is a way they gain money from them being sold.

The BBC provides different programmes for people to watch. They are funded through people paying the TV license fee. An example of some of these channels are Sherlock which young people may feel interested in watching. The BBC provided gift in kind office facilities and a grant to reflect the value of programming that BBC Media Action provides to BBC World Service. (kickerstarter.com).

Crowdfunding is a collective of cooperation, attention, and trust, by people who network and pool their money and other resources together, usually via the internet, in order to support efforts initiated by other people or organizations. Examples of Crowdfunding websites are Kickstarter, JustGiving and startsomegoods. Kickstarter is the one of most noteworthy crowdfunding resources with a proven history. GoFundMe is another popular crowdfunding site, although it focuses more on charity and individual causes than businesses.

The National Lottery Community Fund, legally named the Big Lottery Fund, is a non-departmental public body responsible for distributing funds raised by the National Lottery for "good causes". The British film institute use the National Lottery funds to support new film makers in the UK. British Film Institute (BFI) is a film and charitable organisation which promotes and preserves filmmaking and television in the United Kingdom.

Newspapers or magazines make commercial sense as they are advertising different adverts to make money. Extra costs can be added when there is extra news coverage added. Online news providers were heavily used, and although most continued to carry banner ads, the nature of most of them was unlikely to offend. An example is Newspaper such as ‘The sun’ has influence on people to vote for conservatives when they are persuading people why they should vote and the benefits of them voting for them.

Magazines influence individuals by the celebrities that are on there. Which encourages people to be like them. Hence why people buy magazines to physically view this. Some independent magazines have turned to branded content and other forms of native advertising to bolster their business models. Print media sales are going down but Newspapers are still influencing people. Adverts, subscription magazines. Magazines are less popular due to everything being available via social media. Magazines are not popular as everything is provided on the internet. Magazines are funded by advertisements, subscriptions. Advertisement takes a big part in the media as this is how producers make their money.

The way newspapers are produced hasn’t changed since 1970s. However, they have declined in sales as everything is available electronically. As online everything is updated immediately whereas, with Newspapers information is given the following day. The Newspapers money is coming from Advertising but isn’t as much. The sales of newspapers is declining because people are not buying it. Newspaper producers still want to own them due to free press and as Newspapers having ‘freedom of speech’. As newspapers can question and hold political leaders I account. If the internet didn’t exist then newspapers would be bought often and would make more profits.

(In the UK) an annual fee, used to finance the BBC, which is payable by each household in which television programmes are watched. The BBC is there to cater everyone’s needs whether they are interested in watching TV or not. Such as people who are deaf, blind, have learning difficulties or any sense of disabilities. Guaranteed income is £150 by anyone who owns a TV. The BBC is owned by the people who watch it as they are watching the channels and this is how the BBC are making.

The costs associated with media production:

1.      Magazine- ‘Teen Vogue’.

The editor, journalist, writer would need paying and their salary would be around £15,000 but the typical salary range for others is around £20,000 to £40,000. The journalist would have to travel and be provided with an average salary of $53,500 a year. Payment for copyright fees would need to be paid and taken permission for such as the use of images and text. The difference between staffers and freelance is staffers are hired for certain number of hours. Whereas, freelance is people who are self-employed and are hired for companies or specific professional support. The journalist is the person who would travel out to other countries where there has been numerous incidents. They would have to be provided with accommodation and travel costs. For example, New Zealand attack a journalist had to fly out within 24 hours to reach in time to interview people and put it on media sites.  This can involve the journalist having to use specialist equipment such as cameras, lighting etc. Freelancers can travel quite a bit but in a lot of cases the places they go for work.

 There are extra costs for when magazines are being produced as they have to be printed even though people may not buy them. For example, they need to print 6M copies everyday which costs a lot for paper, ink, colour and images. Magazines are similar to Newspapers it is something you need to go out and buy from supermarkets and specific shops. However, they are less popular today as everything is newly updated online and the internet is more popular today. The extra costs for Magazines can involve transport when the Magazines are being taken from the warehouse to every local shop they can possible be taken. The fuel of transport can cost a lot as drivers are constantly driving around to get them to supermarkets.

2.      Newspaper- ‘The Sun’- production

The producer, photographer, journalist would need paying their salary. Journalists working in the newspaper industry earn an annual wage of $39,130. The journalist has to travel and they earned a median salary of $39,370 as of May 2017. Accommodation would need paying for the journalist, this includes anything the journalist may need while they are travelling. Other costs for travelling would need to be provided such as transport, food, and clothing. They would need to pay for copyright fees such as pictures and specific videos online. They would need to be paid as they are being used to allow the audience to know. Production costs for newspaper are extremely high as they have to produce over 5 million copies of newspapers regardless if people buy them or not.

There are extra costs for when Newspapers are being delivered as they are taken to supermarkets, shops in a van which suggests that costs for fuel are high too. They don’t come to your door it is something you have to go out and invest in. Newspapers are environmentally unfriendly because they are used less as they don’t always have the latest information whereas online everything is updated very often. The fuel which is released impacts the environment badly as it causes more pollution and money too, such as insurance for the van.

Staffers are people who are hired especially for a newspaper they may be working certain number of hours. Whereas, freelance are people who are self-employed and are hired to work for specific support such as writing or editing.

3.      Film: ‘Polar Express’

People who need paying would be the characters, higher standings, writers, directors, lighting cameras.

Polar Express which is film produced in a winter cold day which uses different rented machines. Rental equipment would be needed such as snow or rain machines. Other equipment would be needed such as sound equipment, camera package and a set of camera lens. They would need to pay for copyright fees such as sound effects, music, scripts, cinematography. They would need to be paid because they are using someone else’s work which means they have the right to ask for money. The salary for film editors, writers and producers is extremely large. According to work.chon.com site, average Pay for film or video editors make an average annual wage of $66,690, or $32.06 an hour.

Films can become costly if they need specific place such as studios to get better lighting and better atmosphere to perform in.

Costs and Logistics

In 2016, Star Wars episode 7 film released its date but then pushed it back due to Harrison Ford injuring his knee. If this did happen then it would be really bad but didn’t happen thankfully. This meant that this film was finished in time and was released exactly on time. However, if Star Wars wasn’t released on time people would have been annoyed and put off watching it due to watching other famous films. It would be really bad if they delayed it as it could lead to their film becoming less popular. He had broken his leg just below his knee which suggested he was in a catastrophe position. This lead to Harrison Ford being in a vulnerable situation where everything had to be done quickly. Followed by this quote, ‘Harrison Ford's on-set injury put significant strain on the production schedule, to the point that there were discussions of pushing back the release date of the film into 2016 (vehemently opposed by Disney), and filming scenes of Han Solo with a body double and Ford's head digitally inserted. Ultimately, Ford was able to recover and complete his performance.’

It’s essential that all the actors in Star Wars are budgeting properly beforehand and make sure that all costs are considered. Budgeting is important for certain things such as props and costumes, actors and crews. This can include camera equipment, or anything that’s being hired. Such as certain machinery, transports costs hiring the location and other facilities. For example, needing snow in a certain shop which will mean that a hired machine will be needed to add this affect in the film. This will mean that you will have to pay the hirers a big percentage of the profit if the production is successful. The scriptwriter may get paid on a royalty’s basis which means that paying less upfront and having more money to spend on the production, this will benefit the characters as they will be making a profit.

It is extremely crucial to make sure there is a set schedule as if anything runs over it will cost the producers more and this can lead to their budget being blown, leading to a run out of money. To make sure this doesn’t happen they need to make sure everything is produced a detailed production schedule and detailed budget.